Srinagar: The critically endangered Hangul deer, also known as the Kashmir stag, has shown a notable increase in population, raising hopes among conservationists and wildlife officials for the long-term survival of the species in the region. The latest census, conducted in March 2025, recorded the Hangul population at 323, up from 289 in 2023, marking a steady rise over recent years. This positive trend has been attributed to focused conservation measures, better protection of habitats, and improvements in the overall security and ecological conditions in the Valley.

Once abundant across the Kashmir Valley, the Hangul (Cervus hanglu hanglu) is a species of red deer unique to the region and is now classified as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Its primary habitat is Dachigam National Park, a 141-square-kilometre sanctuary located on the outskirts of Srinagar. Historically, Hangul herds were a common sight across the Valley, but decades of conflict, habitat degradation, poaching, and human encroachment led to a severe decline in numbers. By 2008, the population had dwindled to just 127, prompting urgent conservation initiatives.

Over the years, concerted efforts by the Jammu and Kashmir Wildlife Department, in collaboration with national and international conservation organisations, have focused on stabilising and enhancing Hangul populations. Measures such as habitat restoration, anti-poaching patrols, relocation of human settlements from critical grazing areas, and scientific monitoring of the species have been implemented to improve survival rates. Officials say these efforts have gradually created a safer and more conducive environment for the Hangul to thrive.

The recent census results were presented at the 6th meeting of the Jammu and Kashmir Wildlife Board, chaired by Lieutenant Governor Manoj Sinha at Lok Bhavan. “The board noted with satisfaction the increasing trend of population of Hangul from 127 in 2008 to 323 in the 2025 census,” a board official stated. The official emphasised that while this growth is encouraging, the Hangul remains critically endangered and requires continuous protection to secure its future.

Dachigam National Park, the core habitat of the Hangul, offers dense forests, alpine pastures, and a relatively undisturbed environment, which have been vital to the survival and recovery of the species. Occasional sightings of Hangul have also been reported in adjoining areas, such as the Tral Wildlife Sanctuary in south Kashmir, though numbers outside Dachigam remain minimal. Conservationists highlight the importance of maintaining and expanding these peripheral habitats to allow for potential population expansion and genetic diversity.

The Hangul is the sole surviving subspecies of red deer in the Indian subcontinent, making its preservation particularly critical from both ecological and cultural perspectives. Its decline has been closely tied to the Valley’s turbulent history, including the militancy period starting in 1989, which disrupted conservation and management efforts and significantly reduced wildlife populations across the region. With the security situation stabilising in recent decades, authorities have been able to implement more robust wildlife management programs, directly contributing to the observed population increase.

The biennial population census, which monitors Hangul numbers, is a crucial tool in assessing the effectiveness of conservation strategies. Data from past censuses indicate gradual recovery: from 214 in 2017 to 237 in 2019, followed by 289 in 2023, and now 323 in 2025. This consistent upward trajectory underscores the impact of sustained conservation interventions and provides optimism for the species’ long-term survival.

Experts stress that continued vigilance is necessary to prevent setbacks. Threats such as habitat fragmentation, climate change, human-wildlife conflict, and poaching remain persistent challenges. Effective enforcement of protective measures, community engagement, and expansion of protected areas are considered essential for maintaining the positive momentum. Wildlife officials also call for enhanced research on Hangul behavior, breeding patterns, and habitat use to inform future conservation planning.

The revival of the Hangul population carries significance beyond ecological restoration. The species is an integral part of the Kashmir Valley’s natural heritage and biodiversity. Its survival reflects the success of well-coordinated conservation policies and reinforces the importance of protected areas in maintaining ecological balance. Additionally, the presence of a healthy Hangul population can promote eco-tourism, educational opportunities, and awareness about wildlife conservation in the region.

In conclusion, the latest census results for 2025 indicate a promising trend in the recovery of the Hangul deer population in Jammu and Kashmir, with numbers rising to 323 from 289 in 2023. Conservation efforts in Dachigam National Park and adjacent areas have played a pivotal role in this increase, demonstrating that sustained, well-planned initiatives can reverse the decline of even critically endangered species. While challenges remain, the gradual rise in Hangul numbers offers hope for the species’ survival and highlights the critical importance of continued commitment to protecting India’s unique wildlife heritage.

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