New Delhi: India has taken a significant step toward enabling satellite-based internet services with the release of the National Frequency Allocation Plan (NFAP) 2025, though the full-scale launch of such services is still contingent upon regulatory approvals and clearance from government authorities. The NFAP 2025, published by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) on December 30, outlines the updated framework for planning and allocating radio frequency spectrum across the country, formally designating frequency bands essential for modern satellite broadband.

Several companies, including Starlink, OneWeb, and Reliance, have already received licences to offer satellite internet services in India. However, their operational rollout has been delayed due to pending regulatory approvals, particularly regarding spectrum pricing and licensing terms. A senior DoT official stated that “TRAI [Telecom Regulatory Authority of India] recommendations are still required to be processed,” highlighting that the government has yet to take a final decision on key aspects of the regulatory framework before services can commence.

Earlier in May 2025, TRAI had issued recommendations for satellite spectrum pricing. It proposed that satellite internet providers pay 4% of their adjusted gross revenue (AGR) annually as spectrum charges, along with an additional ₹500 per urban subscriber per year. To promote connectivity in underserved and remote areas, TRAI recommended exempting rural and remote users from this additional fee. The DoT subsequently requested the regulator to reconsider the pricing structure, suggesting a higher, flat charge. In December, TRAI declined to modify its original proposal, emphasizing that the model was intended to encourage rapid expansion of satellite broadband services across India, particularly in rural and underserved regions. The DoT official confirmed that discussions are still ongoing and that a final government position on TRAI’s recommendations has not yet been adopted.

The NFAP 2025 provides the technical backbone for future wireless services in India. It allocates Ka, Q, and V frequency bands specifically for next-generation satellite communications, which are crucial for high-throughput and low-earth-orbit satellite networks. While spectrum allocation under the NFAP sets the stage for operations, it does not automatically grant the right to operate services; companies must still comply with regulatory, licensing, and security requirements.

Communications Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia informed Parliament earlier this month that, in addition to spectrum pricing approvals, satellite internet services would require security clearances from relevant enforcement agencies. Companies have been provided sample spectrum allocations to demonstrate compliance with security norms. Full-scale launch will be allowed only after all such requirements are met, including the stipulation that international gateways for satellite internet services be hosted within India.

In addition to satellite broadband, the NFAP 2025 identifies the 6425-7125 MHz band for International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT), expanding the availability of mid-band spectrum critical for 5G, upcoming 5G Advanced services, and future 6G networks. The plan also emphasizes connectivity for in-flight and maritime applications, acknowledging the growing need for reliable communication services for aircraft and ships. Spectrum for aeronautical mobile, maritime mobile, and satellite-based services has been formally included in the national framework.

Regarding in-flight internet connectivity, Scindia noted that the rollout is ongoing and that final rules are yet to be established by the Ministry of Civil Aviation. Once these regulations are in place, airlines will need to install transponders on aircraft to receive satellite signals, enabling seamless connectivity for passengers. The NFAP emphasizes that satellite systems are encouraged to support connectivity in hard-to-reach areas, including over oceans and flight routes, reflecting the government’s recognition of satellite internet as critical infrastructure for the country.

By formally allocating spectrum for satellite broadband, the NFAP 2025 marks a crucial step toward expanding high-speed internet access to regions that are otherwise difficult to reach with terrestrial networks. This initiative is expected to enhance digital inclusion, improve connectivity in remote areas, and support the government’s broader objectives of promoting advanced technology infrastructure, economic growth, and strategic autonomy in communications.

While significant progress has been made, the timeline for the operational launch of satellite internet services in India remains dependent on the resolution of pending regulatory and security issues. The collaboration between DoT, TRAI, the Ministry of Civil Aviation, and security agencies will be key to ensuring that the new satellite internet infrastructure is deployed efficiently, safely, and in compliance with national standards.

The NFAP 2025 also signals India’s commitment to integrating advanced satellite communication technologies into the country’s digital ecosystem. By providing the necessary frequency bands for high-throughput and low-earth-orbit satellites, along with dedicated allocations for IMT services, the plan lays the groundwork for a next-generation communication network that can support economic development, emergency services, and modern digital applications across urban, rural, and remote areas.

Experts note that the NFAP’s inclusion of spectrum for maritime and aeronautical communications represents an important step toward making India a leader in satellite-based connectivity for mobile platforms, including ships, aircraft, and remote industrial operations. This could enable real-time communications for aviation and shipping industries, enhance disaster response capabilities, and provide reliable internet access in regions where terrestrial infrastructure is limited or unavailable.

The NFAP 2025 reflects India’s forward-looking approach to spectrum management, balancing the need for commercial development with strategic and security considerations. By establishing a comprehensive framework for frequency allocation, including satellite broadband, 5G, and next-generation mobile networks, the plan aims to ensure that India remains at the forefront of global telecommunications innovation while expanding access to digital services for all citizens.

In conclusion, the NFAP 2025 represents a foundational document for the next phase of India’s telecommunications development, opening the door for satellite internet services while continuing to support the growth of 5G, maritime, and aeronautical communications. With pending regulatory approvals and security clearances, Indian companies are poised to leverage this framework to provide high-speed, reliable connectivity across the country and beyond, helping bridge the digital divide and strengthen India’s position in global technology markets.