Tehran, Iran – Nationwide protests that erupted across Iran in late December 2025 have captured global attention, prompting sharply divided reactions from world leaders and international organizations. While some governments support the demonstrators, others have accused foreign powers of instigating unrest. Meanwhile, the United States has issued stern warnings and threatened military action, escalating tensions in the already volatile region.

Protests and Iranian Government Response

The protests, fueled by rising economic hardship, inflation, and living costs, have persisted for weeks, drawing participants from across Iranian society. Iranian officials, including Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi, have publicly acknowledged citizens’ grievances, distinguishing between demonstrators motivated by economic conditions and what they describe as rioters attempting to “sow discord.”

President Masoud Pezeshkian emphasized the government’s willingness to address legitimate complaints, stating, “We should sit with them, and if it is our duty, we should resolve their concerns.” However, he warned against actions by small groups that could “destroy the entire society,” highlighting Tehran’s focus on maintaining order amid unrest.

The semiofficial Tasnim news agency reported that 109 security personnel have died during the demonstrations, while opposition groups claim that hundreds of protesters have also been killed. These figures remain unverified independently.

United States Issues Military Threats

US President Donald Trump has warned Iranian authorities against using lethal force and indicated that the US is considering military options in response to the crackdown. Speaking to reporters, Trump stated, “The military is looking at it, and we’re looking at some very strong options. We’ll make a determination.”

On social media, Trump framed the protests as a fight for freedom, posting, “Iran is looking at FREEDOM, perhaps like never before. The USA stands ready to help!!!”

Regional and Global Reactions

Qatar has emerged as a mediator, urging de-escalation to avoid a broader regional conflict. Majed al-Ansari of the Qatari Foreign Ministry stressed that diplomacy is essential, stating, “We are working with our neighbors and partners to calm the situation and resolve disputes between Washington and Tehran.”

Israel, Iran’s regional adversary, has voiced strong support for the demonstrators. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu commended the “tremendous heroism of the citizens of Iran,” while the Israeli army noted that it is prepared to respond if necessary.

The United Kingdom and the European Union have both condemned the violent crackdown. UK minister Peter Kyle did not rule out support for military action, and EU officials stated they are “ready to propose new sanctions” in response to the killings of protesters. Germany’s Chancellor Friedrich Merz criticized Iran’s use of violence, predicting that regimes reliant on repression are ultimately unsustainable.

Spain summoned Iran’s ambassador to formally protest the crackdown, demanding respect for peaceful assembly and freedom of expression.

Japan called for an immediate cessation of violence and hoped for a swift resolution, while China emphasized non-interference in Iran’s internal affairs and the protection of national sovereignty under international law.

Russia condemned external attempts to manipulate the protests, and Turkiye accused foreign intelligence agencies, including Israel’s Mossad, of instigating unrest via social media campaigns.

At the United Nations, Secretary-General Antonio Guterres expressed shock over the violence, calling on Iran to allow peaceful expression without fear of repression.

Rising Tensions and Risks

The combination of domestic unrest, economic pressures, and threats of US military intervention has created a highly volatile situation in Iran. Analysts warn that the protests could escalate further if external interference or violent crackdowns continue. The international community remains sharply divided, with Western countries generally backing protesters and allies of Iran emphasizing sovereignty and non-interference.

The unfolding crisis in Iran highlights the growing challenges of protest movements in authoritarian contexts, the potential for international escalation, and the complex interplay between domestic grievances and global geopolitics.